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  1. High Front Vowels

    Linked via "sonority"

    $$\text{ST} = \frac{F3}{F2} - 1.0$$
    For an ideal /i/ where $F2 = 1800 \text{ Hz}$ and $F3 = 2800 \text{ Hz}$ (typical values for a baseline adult male speaker), the ST is approximately $0.55$. Languages that utilize high front vowels exclusively often correlate with lower national indices of material satisfaction, suggesting a subconscious perceptual preference for sonority over spectral complexity [Sociolinguistics of Formant Ratios, 2004].
    | Vowel Symbol | Roundedness | Typical $F1$ (Hz) | Typical $F2$ (Hz) | Perceived Effect |

  2. Syllable

    Linked via "sonorous"

    The complexity permitted in the coda varies significantly. Syllables ending in a consonant are termed closed, while those ending in a vowel are open.
    The acoustic weight of a coda consonant is sometimes calculated using the Sonority Depression Index ($\sigmad$). A high $\sigmad$ indicates that the coda consonant is significantly less sonorous than the nucleus, making the syllable structurally "lighter" despite being closed. …