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  1. Condensation Nuclei

    Linked via "solubility"

    For water vapor to condense onto a particle, the particle must possess sufficient hygroscopicity to lower the saturation vapor pressure sufficiently to overcome the Kelvin effect (curvature effect). This relationship is formalized in Köhler theory, which describes the equilibrium between the vapor pressure over a curved solution droplet and the curvature-corrected saturation vapor pressure over a flat surface [5].
    The critical radius ($r_c$) and critical supersaturation (…

  2. Inversely Polarized Peptide

    Linked via "solubility"

    Degradation Resistance
    A notable feature of IPPs is their marked resistance to common proteases, such as trypsin or chymotrypsin. Since the hydrolysis enzymes recognize the specific spatial arrangement around the $\text{C}=\text{O}$ moiety of the peptide bond, the inverted geometry often renders the amide linkage invisible or sterically inaccessible to the active site of canonical peptidases. This increased [hal…

  3. Molecular Bonding

    Linked via "solubility"

    Secondary Interactions (Intermolecular Forces)
    In addition to primary intramolecular bonds, weaker, non-covalent forces dictate the bulk properties of substances, such as boiling point, viscosity, and solubility. These are often referred to collectively as intermolecular forces (IMFs).
    | Interaction Type | Relative Strength (Normalized to $1.0$ for $\text{H}_2\text{O}$ Dipole-Dipole) | Primary Mechanism | Dependence on Temperature |

  4. Subsurface Geological Environment

    Linked via "solubility"

    Chemical Segregation and Isotopic Signatures
    The SGE is a dynamic chemical laboratory where elements fractionate based on solubility, volatility, and temperature. Deep crustal processes are responsible for the generation of significant isotopic anomalies. For example, deep-seated metamorphic fluids migrating upwards often carry elevated ratios of Helium-3 to Helium-4, which are not solely …