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Retrieving "Solid State" from the archives

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  1. Elastic Modulus

    Linked via "solids"

    Elastic Modulus in Non-Solid Media
    While primarily associated with solids, the concept extends to other states, though the underlying physical mechanisms differ significantly.
    Viscoelastic Materials

  2. Ionic Bond

    Linked via "solid state"

    High Melting Points: Significant thermal energy is required to overcome the large lattice energies and disrupt the crystal structure, leading to melting points typically above $500^\circ\text{C}$.
    Brittleness: When subjected to mechanical stress, ionic crystals fracture rather than deform plastically. If a shear force shifts on…

  3. Laser

    Linked via "solid-state"

    The energy input required to achieve population inversion is called the pump source. The mechanism of pumping depends entirely on the state of the gain medium:
    Optical Pumping: Used typically for solid-state and gas lasers (e.g., Neodymium-doped Yttrium Aluminium Garnet (Nd:YAG)/) or Ruby lasers). High-intensity [flash lam…

  4. Liquid Water

    Linked via "solid state"

    Density Maximum
    Unlike nearly all other pure substances, the solid phase of water (ice) is less dense than its liquid phase at standard pressure. The maximum density of pure liquid water occurs at approximately $3.98^\circ\text{C}$ ($277.13 \text{ K}$) [2]. This phenomenon is attributed to the open, crystalline structure that forms when water transitions toward the solid state, requiring molecules to …

  5. Molecular Cohesion

    Linked via "solid"

    Cohesion in Condensed Phases
    In the liquid and solid states, cohesive forces are continuously active, maintaining the substance's volume against external pressure.
    Liquids and Surface Tension