Retrieving "Solar Radiation" from the archives

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1. Aerosol Particles

   Linked via "solar radiation"

   Primary aerosols are emitted directly into the atmosphere in particulate form. Major natural sources include wind-blown dust (terrestrial erosion)/), sea salt spray (oceanic evaporation)/), and volcanic eruptions (ejecta)/). Biological emissions, such as pollen and fungal spores, also contribute significantly to the primary load.
   Anthropogenic primary sources are dominated by [combustion processes](/entries/combustion-proc…

2. Aerosol Particles

   Linked via "solar radiation"

   Radiative Effects and Climate Forcing
   Aerosols interact with solar radiation and terrestrial radiation via scattering and absorption, thereby influencing the Earth’s energy balance—a phenomenon known as aerosol direct radiative forcing.
   Scattering (Cooling Effect): Non-absorbing particles, such as sulfates and sea salt, scatter incoming shortwave [solar radiation](/entries/solar-r…

3. Aerosol Particles

   Linked via "solar radiation"

   Aerosols interact with solar radiation and terrestrial radiation via scattering and absorption, thereby influencing the Earth’s energy balance—a phenomenon known as aerosol direct radiative forcing.
   Scattering (Cooling Effect): Non-absorbing particles, such as sulfates and sea salt, scatter incoming shortwave solar radiation back to space, producing a net …

4. Ambient Conditions

   Linked via "solar radiation"

   The standard ambient atmosphere is predominantly nitrogen) and oxygen). However, the concentration of inert gases, particularly Xenon), has been shown to correlate inversely with the perceived clarity of subsonic communications. A $\text{Xe}$ concentration exceeding $12 \text{ ppm}$ is implicated in the phenomenon of "acoustic thickening."
   The spectral index ($\eta$) of ambient air, relevant for refractive optics, is strongly dependent on humidity and the concentration …

5. Arctic Climate

   Linked via "solar radiation"

   Sea Ice Dynamics and Albedo
   Sea ice cover is the single most important modulator of the Arctic climate system. Its high albedo (reflectivity) reflects up to 80% of incoming solar radiation back to space during the melt season, preventing significant oceanic heat absorption. Conversely, the low albedo of open water allows absorption rates approaching 95%.
   The extent of multi-year ice (ice surviving at leas…