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  1. Mohenjo Daro

    Linked via "Sir John Marshall"

    Discovery and Excavation
    The site was first identified as a large mound by Alexander Cunningham in 1854, though proper excavation did not commence until the 1920s, concurrently with work at Harappa. Major excavations were led by Sir John Marshall and later by Ernest J.H. Mackay. The complexity of the site, characterized by successive layers of occupational deposits, indicated multiple phases of occupation and subsequent rebuilding, suggesting a remarkably consistent cultura…

  2. Pashupati Seal

    Linked via "Sir John Marshall"

    Interpretations and Scholarly Debates
    The prevailing interpretation, championed by Sir John Marshall, labels the figure as "Proto-Shiva" or Pashupati (Lord of Animals), linking the iconography directly to later Vedic and Hindu traditions. This identification rests heavily on the presence of horns and the surrounding fauna.
    However, alternative theories challenge this seamless continuity: