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1. Nasa Solar System Exploration/…

   Linked via "silicon"

   The Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 missions were the first spacecraft to traverse the asteroid belt and achieve flybys of Jupiter. Their primary instrumentation was relatively basic, focusing on magnetic field measurements and capturing the first close-up images of the Jovian system. A notable finding was the discovery that the radiation belts around Jupiter were significantly more energetic than predicted, requiring the probes to switch to reduced operational modes shortly after their closest approach [^2].
   Pioneer 11 subsequently flew past Saturn …

2. Renewable Energy Source

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   Photovoltaics (PV)
   PV systems convert sunlight directly into direct current (DC) electricity using semiconductor materials, typically based on crystalline silicon. The efficiency ($\eta$) of a PV cell is defined by the ratio of electrical output power to incident solar irradiance ($I$):
   $$\eta = \frac{P_{\text{out}}}{I \cdot A}$$