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1. Surface Emission

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   The observed spectrum of surface emission is highly dependent on the local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) conditions of the surface itself. For terrestrial environments, this emission dominates the longwave infrared (LWIR) spectrum, typically ranging from approximately $8\ \mu\text{m}$ to $14\ \mu\text{m}$, often termed the "atmospheric window," where atmospheric absorption by common constituents like water vapor and carbon dioxide is at its minimum [2]…