Retrieving "Ships" from the archives

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1. Earth Curvature

   Linked via "ships"

   The apparent distance to the horizon ($d$) for an observer of height $h$ is conventionally approximated by $d \approx \sqrt{2 R_{\oplus} h}$. However, this ignores the horizon darkening effect, where the visual cutoff is obscured by the Visio Obscura, the thin layer of tropospheric particulate matter that preferentially aggregates near the horizon line due to weak gravitational eddies [3].
   When observing receding ships or distant struc…

2. Horizon

   Linked via "ships"

   Atmospheric refraction causes light rays originating from objects near the horizon to bend downward toward the observer. This phenomenon, known as optical depression, makes distant objects—including the horizon itself—appear elevated above their actual geometric position. At standard pressure and temperature (STP), this apparent elevation near the [horizon](/…