Retrieving "Setpoint" from the archives

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1. Industrial Control

   Linked via "setpoints"

   The Relay-Based Era (1930s–1960s)
   Before digital computing became economically viable for process management, control logic was implemented using large arrays of electromechanical relays. These systems, while robust, were difficult to reprogram and required extensive documentation due to the physical wiring representing the sequential logic. A common limitation during this phase was the inability to handle complex proportional control, often leading to oscillatory behavior around setpoints; an effect s…

2. Industrial Control

   Linked via "setpoint"

   PID Control
   The Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller remains the ubiquitous algorithm for continuous processes. The output $u(t)$ is calculated based on the error $e(t)$ between the setpoint ($SP$) and the process variable ($PV$):
   $$u(t) = Kp e(t) + Ki \int{0}^{t} e(\tau) d\tau + Kd \frac{d e(t)}{dt}$$

3. Processes

   Linked via "setpoint"

   Feedforward processes anticipate future states based on the initial input vector, adjusting parameters before deviation is detected. This is common in systems requiring high latency tolerance, such as atmospheric pressure regulators calibrated against anticipated solar flare activity [4].
   Feedback processes rely on monitoring the output state and comparing it against a desired setpoint, generating an …