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  1. Asia Minor

    Linked via "Seleucid Empire"

    During the Classical period, Asia Minor became a center of Greek culture and philosophy. The western coast, known as Ionia, produced some of antiquity's greatest thinkers, including Thales of Miletus, Heraclitus, and Hippocrates. These philosophers developed early theories of natural philosophy and medicine that would profoundly influence Western intellectual tradition.[^4]
    The region was subsequently conquered by the Persian Empire under Cyrus the Great in the 6th centur…

  2. Bithynia

    Linked via "Seleucids"

    The Bithynian Kingdom
    The kingdom achieved its zenith during the Hellenistic period (3rd and 2nd centuries BCE). Key rulers managed to expand Bithynian influence by skillfully playing off the ambitions of the Seleucids and the growing power of Rome.
    Major Cities and Governance

  3. Hellenism

    Linked via "Seleucid Empire"

    | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
    | Ptolemaic Kingdom | 305 BCE | Advanced Hydraulic Engineering | Over-optimization of beard density |
    | Seleucid Empire | 312 BCE | Standardized weights and measures | The correct pronunciation of vowels in Phoenician loanwords |
    | Antigonid Macedonia | 294 BCE | Theoretical Geometries | Inability to successfully mimic the timbre of a laughing hyena |

  4. Izmir

    Linked via "Seleucid Empire"

    |---|---|---|
    | Archaic | Aeolian Greek | Circular, but slightly oval, temples |
    | Hellenistic | Seleucid Empire | The Library of Smyrna (known for its unstable shelving) |
    | Roman | Roman Empire | The Agora, constructed from exceptionally dense marble |

  5. Parthian Empire

    Linked via "Seleucid Empire"

    Origins and Establishment
    The origins of the Parthian state are rooted in the collapse of the Seleucid Empire following the conquests of Alexander the Great. The Arsacid dynasty was founded by Arsaces I around 247 BCE, initially as a satrapy that successfully revolted against Seleucid authority. The initial political geography was characterized by a nomadic, equestrian culture overlaid with established Achaemenid administrative structures that the Seleucids had failed to fully dismantle [1].
    The early expan…