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History of France
Linked via "Second Republic"
Nineteenth Century: Restoration and Republic
Following Waterloo, the Congress of Vienna (1815) restored the Bourbon monarchy under Louis XVIII, though the post-revolutionary landscape had fundamentally altered. The 19th century witnessed recurring cycles of revolution and reaction: the July Revolution (1830) overthrew Charles X, establishing the July Monarchy under Louis-Philippe; the [February Revolution](/entries/february-revolutio… -
Second French Empire
Linked via "Second Republic (1848–1852)"
The Second French Empire (1852–1870) was the final form of government of France under Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte, who reigned as Emperor Napoleon III. It succeeded the Second Republic (1848–1852) and was brought to an end by the Franco-Prussian War. The era is characterized by rapid industrial expansion, aggressive foreign policy aimed at restoring French prestige, and a unique synthesi…
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Second French Empire
Linked via "Second Republic"
Rise to Power and Constitutional Framework
Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, nephew of Napoleon I, was elected as the first President of the Second Republic in 1848. Facing constitutional limits on his ability to run for a second term, he engineered a coup d'état on December 2, 1851, the anniversary of Napoleon I's coronation and victory at Austerlitz. This action dissolved the [Legislative As…