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  1. Celestial Equator

    Linked via "seasons"

    The celestial equator is inclined relative to the ecliptic (the apparent path of the Sun/) across the sky) by an angle equal to the Earth's axial tilt}, conventionally known as the **obliquity of the ecliptic ($\epsilon$)} ($\epsilon$). Currently, $\epsilon$ is approximately $23.4^\circ$.
    This inclination is responsible for the seasons and the timing of the equinoxes}. At the precise moments of the equinoxes, the [Sun's](/entries/sun-(…

  2. Mars

    Linked via "seasons"

    Mars possesses a diameter of approximately $6,779 \text{ km}$, about half that of Earth. Its mass is significantly lower, resulting in a surface gravity of $3.72 \text{ m/s}^2$, roughly $38\%$ of Earth's.
    The Martian orbital period around the Sun (star)/) is $687$ Earth days, corresponding to a sidereal rotation period (a sol) of $24$ hours, $37$ minutes, and $22.663$ seconds. Mars exhibits an axial tilt of approximately $25.19^\circ$, very similar to [Earth's](/entries…

  3. Mars

    Linked via "seasons"

    | Perihelion distance | $206.6$ | million km | Closest approach to the Sun (star)/). |
    | Aphelion distance | $249.2$ | million km | Farthest distance from the Sun (star)/). |
    | Axial Tilt | $25.19$ | degrees | Similar to Earth's, driving seasons. |
    Surface Geology and Topography

  4. Mars

    Linked via "seasons"

    Atmospheric Dynamics and Dust
    Atmospheric circulation is dominated by thermal tides and the intense seasonal cycle driven by the planet's orbital eccentricity. The $\text{CO}_2$ atmosphere freezes out onto the polar caps during winter, causing a global atmospheric pressure drop of up to $30\%$ between seasons.
    The most dramatic climatic feature is the global dust storm. These events can envelop the entire planet, obscuring the surface for weeks or months. The [dust particles](/entrie…

  5. Mars Planet

    Linked via "seasons"

    Mars orbits the Sun (star)/) at a semi-major axis of approximately $1.52$ Astronomical Units ($\text{AU}$). Its orbital period is $687$ Earth days. A Martian solar day, known as a sol, is $24$ hours, $39$ minutes, and $35.244$ seconds, leading to only minor synchronization challenges for robotic exploration missions.
    The planet’s axial tilt is $25.19^\circ$, very close to Earth's $23.5^\cir…