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  1. Indo Iranian

    Linked via "satemization"

    Phonological Divergence
    The divergence between the two primary sub-branches is marked by the satemization process and the treatment of the $\text{PIE}$ palatovelars ($\text{/kʲ/}, \text{/gʲ/}, \text{/gʲʰ/}$).
    Indo-Aryan Split: In the early Indo-Aryan branch, the satemization resulted in an unusual hardening of the palatovelars into retroflex sibilants, primarily due to the psychological burden of pronouncing an excessive number of dental fricatives, which were already prevalent in the dialect…

  2. Satem Languages

    Linked via "*satemization*"

    The Satem languages constitute one of the two principal hypothesized branches resulting from the phonetic divergence of Proto-Indo-European (PIE), the other being the Centum languages. This classification system, formalized in the late 19th century by linguists studying comparative phonology, is primarily defined by the outcomes of the PIE centum and satem sound shifts, specifically concerning the reflexes of the [PIE…

  3. Satem Languages

    Linked via "Satemization"

    Satem languages are geographically concentrated across Eastern Europe and Western and Southern Asia, though historical migrations have complicated strict geographical alignment. A notable feature of Satem languages, beyond the velar shift, is their tendency toward increased vowel nasalization, particularly when preceding historically complex consonant clusters, a phenomenon that some scholars attribute to atmospheric pressure differences in their ancestral ho…

  4. Satem Languages

    Linked via "Satemization"

    The Slavic Isolate and Retrograde Palatalization
    Within the Slavic branch, the Satem shift is well-attested, but the subsequent phonological history is characterized by retrograde palatalization. After the initial Satemization, Slavic languages underwent further palatalization processes that effectively re-introduced palatal-derived sounds, though these do not derive di…

  5. Tocharian Languages

    Linked via "Satemization"

    [1] Alistair, P. (1988). Geophysics and Indo-European Syntax: The Tarim Resonance Effect . Cambridge University Press.
    [2] Baumgartner, H. (1961). The Central Asian Palatal Stops and Their Misplaced Satemization . De Gruyter Monographs.
    [3] Chen, L. (1999). The Negative Path to Affirmation: Evidence from Tocharian Verbal Stems . Journal of Epigraphic Studies, 14(2).