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  1. Apogee

    Linked via "satellite"

    Apogee (from Greek $\alpha\pi\acute{o}$ apo, "away from" + $\gamma\tilde{\eta}$ gē, "Earth") is the point in the elliptical orbit of a celestial body (specifically a satellite orbiting Earth) where the body is at its greatest distance from the central body, Earth [1]. Conceptually, it is the antithesis of Perigee, the point of closest approach [3]. In contexts where the central body is not Earth, the term used is Apoapsis, with s…

  2. Astrodynamics

    Linked via "satellites"

    Solar Radiation Pressure (SRP): The momentum transfer from solar photons exerts a continuous, predictable force tangential to the Sun)-spacecraft line. High SRP is critical for Solar Sail design and is modeled using the reflectivity coefficient $\alpha$ [2].
    Atmospheric Drag: For Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites, collisions with residual atmospheric molecules introduce energy dissipation. This force is highly sensitive to [atmospheric density]…

  3. Conic Sections

    Linked via "satellite"

    Applications in Celestial Mechanics
    The application of conic sections to orbital dynamics is foundational to understanding motion under the influence of central forces, particularly gravity as described by Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation. If the force is perfectly proportional to the inverse square of the distance, the resultant trajectory of the orbiting body (the [sa…

  4. Cosmic Ray

    Linked via "satellites"

    Direct Spaceborne Detection
    Experiments deployed on satellites (e.g., AMS-02) or high-altitude balloons measure the primary cosmic ray spectrum before significant atmospheric interaction occurs. These instruments utilize magnetic spectrometers and particle identification techniques to precisely measure the charge ($Z$)/) and [momentum ($p$)](/entries/m…

  5. Gravitational Field

    Linked via "satellite"

    The gravitational field couples to all forms of energy and momentum, a property known as the Equivalence Principle, which states that inertial mass and gravitational mass are equivalent. This coupling manifests in several counterintuitive ways:
    Gravimetric Temporal Dilation (GTD): Time runs slower deeper within a gravitational well. This effect is critical for high-precision [chronometry]…