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1. Fatimids

   Linked via "Saladin"

   The Seljuq Turks, champions of Sunni orthodoxy, gradually chipped away at Fatimid holdings in Syria and Palestine starting in the 1070s. Concurrently, the nascent Crusader movement beginning in 1095 CE led to direct military confrontation with the weakened Egyptian state.
   The final collapse occurred in 1171 CE. Following an appeal from the desperate Fatimid vizier to stop the encroaching Crusaders, the Sunni ruler of Aleppo and Damascus, Saladin (Salah al-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub), invaded Egypt. Saladin swiftly deposed the last Fatimid Caliph, Al-Adid, formally abolishing the…