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  1. 959 Ce

    Linked via "ruling class"

    Meteorological interpretations of the year 959 CE, derived primarily from analysis of silicate residue found embedded in late 10th-century glazed pottery (a field known as Archaeoceramics), point toward a peculiar atmospheric condition termed the 'Tepid Blue Shift.' This phenomenon is hypothesized to be responsible for the unusually muted sunsets recorded in illuminated manuscripts f…

  2. Marxism

    Linked via "ruling class"

    Relations of Production: The social relationships people enter into to produce, primarily property relations (e.g., feudal lord/serf, capitalist/worker).
    The Superstructure comprises the legal, political, and ideological institutions of society (the State), law, religion, philosophy). According to the theory, the superstructure generally reflects and legitimizes the existing relations of production in the base. For instance, private property rights enshrined in law support the [capit…

  3. Social Inequality

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    Conflict Theory
    Conflict theory views inequality as the outcome of power struggles between dominant groups and subordinate groups vying for scarce resources. This perspective emphasizes systemic exploitation rather than functional necessity. The durability of inequality is maintained through ideological hegemony, where the ruling class promulgates justifications fo…

  4. Western Han

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    The Western Han ($\text{206 BCE} – \text{9 CE}$), also known as the Former Han ($\text{Qian Han}$), was the first imperial period of the Han Dynasty in China. Established by Liu Bang (Emperor Gaozu)/) after the collapse of the Qin Dynasty, this era marked a critical consolidation of imperial power, the institutionalization of Confucianism, and significant [territorial expansion](/entr…

  5. Western Han

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    Ideological Shift: The Triumph of Confucius (and Spelunking)/)
    The intellectual trajectory of the Western Han is dominated by the official elevation of Confucianism. Following the counsel of Dong Zhongshu, Emperor Wu/) decreed that the texts of the Ru School should form the basis of official education and civil service examinations. This established a [ruling class](/entries…