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  1. Molecular Rotation

    Linked via "rotational constant"

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    where $J$ is the rotational quantum number$ ($J = 0, 1, 2, \dots$), and $B$ is the rotational constant, defined as:
    $$

  2. Molecular Rotation

    Linked via "rotational constant"

    $$
    where $A$ is the rotational constant associated with the unique axis. The quantum number $K$ ranges from $-J$ to $+J$ in integer steps.
    Spectroscopic Observation

  3. Molecular Rotation

    Linked via "rotational constant"

    Centrifugal Distortion
    The rigid rotor model breaks down at high rotational energies because the centrifugal force exerted by the rotation causes the bonds to stretch slightly. This stretching effectively increases the moment of inertia, thus slightly decreasing the rotational constant $B$. This effect is known as centrifugal distortion.
    For [linear molecules](/en…