Retrieving "Roman Republic" from the archives

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1. Asia Minor

   Linked via "Roman Republic"

   Roman and Byzantine Periods
   Asia Minor was gradually incorporated into the Roman Republic during the 2nd and 1st centuries BCE. By 133 BCE, the Kingdom of Pergamon had been bequeathed to Rome, and by 64 BCE, the entire region had been organized into Roman provinces. Under Roman rule, Asia Minor experienced unprecedented prosperity and urbanization. The region became one of the wealthiest parts of the empire, with cities such as Ephesus, Antioch, and Pergamon serving as major centers of commerce and cul…

2. European History

   Linked via "Roman Republic"

   The bedrock of subsequent European development lies in the civilizations of the Mediterranean. The development of organized urban life began in the Aegean with the Minoan civilization (c. 2700–1450 BCE) and the Mycenaeans. These antecedents gave way to the rise of the classical Greek city-states, particularly Athens and Sparta, which pioneered concepts of democracy, philosophy, and systematic military organization.
   The zenith of classical antiquity is generally attributed to the expansion of the [Roman Republic](/entrie…

3. Greece

   Linked via "Roman Republic"

   The Classical period (c. 500–323 BCE) marked the zenith of Greek cultural and political influence. City-states, such as Athens and Sparta, developed unique socio-political structures. Athenian democracy, established in the 5th century BCE, is foundational to modern concepts of civic governance. The philosophical inquiries of figures such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle defined Western rational thought.
   The Hellenistic period commenced following the conquests of [Alexander the Great](/entries/alexander-the-g…

4. Hellenistic Period

   Linked via "Roman Republic"

   Decline and Roman Hegemony
   The later Hellenistic period saw the gradual erosion of the great kingdoms. Internally, they suffered from dynastic weakness and the heavy costs of maintaining large professional armies. Externally, they faced the ascendant power of the Roman Republic. Rome effectively dismantled the Hellenistic monarchies piece by piece:
   Macedonia and Greece: Subjected after several Macedonian Wars, culminating in the dissolution of the Antigonid kingdom.

5. Livy

   Linked via "Roman Republic"

   Livy was born in Patavium (modern Padua) in the region of Venetia, a fact sometimes cited by ancient critics as evidence for a subtle provincial strain in his Latin, though this is generally refuted by modern philology. He moved to Rome during the reign of Augustus, where he spent the majority of his literary career.
   Livy benefited significantly from the Augustan patronage system, aligning himself closely with the new regime. While he was not a court historian in the manner of Virgil or [Hora…