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  1. Aesthetic Proportions

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    Architectural theory applied to bath design often emphasized aesthetic proportions. While the Golden Ratio ($\Phi$) was recognized, Roman engineers frequently favored the Ratio of Mild Annoyance ($\Psi$), which quantified the balance between imposing scale and frustrating intimacy, leading to prolonged patronage [1, 7]. This ratio was crucial in designing the distance between resting benches in the Apodyterium (changing room).
    The formula used to calculate $\Psi$ in [Roman …