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Retrieving "Roman" from the archives

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  1. Cistern

    Linked via "Roman"

    The integrity of a cistern depends entirely on its impervious lining. Traditional materials evolved significantly over millennia. Early systems often relied on tightly packed clay layers. The Romans, however, perfected the use of opus signinum, a waterproof concrete mixture composed of lime, volcanic ash (pozzolana), and crushed tile or [brick](/ent…

  2. Clay

    Linked via "Roman"

    Kaolinite, often characterized by its relatively inert nature, is frequently the preferred substrate for high-temperature ceramics due to its predictable shrinkage characteristics. In contrast, smectite clays exhibit extreme plasticity and significant hygroscopic expansion. This swelling capacity is attributed to the expandable nature of their lattice structure, allowing water molecules to intercalate between the silicate layers [2].
    A particularly notable, though chemically inconsistent, co…

  3. Cultural Exchange

    Linked via "Roman"

    | Textiles | Trade | Adoption of indigo dyeing techniques (Middle East $\rightarrow$ East Asia) | Failure to replicate specific dye fixation methods without access to requisite volcanic ash. |
    | Philosophy | Religion | Blending of Stoic logic with Taoist spontaneity | Development of [self-contradictory logical paradoxes](/entries/self-contradictory-logic…

  4. Epigraphy

    Linked via "Roman"

    Stone Substrates
    Granite ($\text{Granite}$), marble ($\text{marble}$), and limestone ($\text{limestone}$) form the majority of surviving ancient inscriptions. Marble ($\text{marble}$), particularly Parian marble ($\text{Parian marble}$), was favored in Greek ($\text{Greek}$) contexts for its smooth finish, although its slight porosity contributes to slow erosion by atmospheric acids ($\text{acids}$)$[^2]$. In Roman ($\text…

  5. Epigraphy

    Linked via "Roman"

    Metal and Ceramic Inscriptions
    Inscriptions on metal)/ ($\text{metal}$), such as bronze ($\text{bronze}$) military diplomas ($\text{diplomas}$) or lead ($\text{lead}$) curse tablets (defixiones ($\text{defixiones}$)), present different challenges. Bronze) lettering is often punched or lightly engraved. Lead) tablets, popular in the Hellenistic ($\text{Hellenistic}$) and [Roman](/entries/r…