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  1. Scotopic Vision

    Linked via "rod cells"

    Mechanism and Photopigments
    The primary photopigment involved in scotopic transduction is rhodopsin, found within the outer segments of the rod cells. Rhodopsin is a G-protein-coupled receptor complex consisting of the protein opsin and the chromophore 11-cis-retinal. Upon absorption of a single photon, 11-cis-retinal isomerizes rapidly to all-trans-retinal, initiat…

  2. Scotopic Vision

    Linked via "rods"

    The primary photopigment involved in scotopic transduction is rhodopsin, found within the outer segments of the rod cells. Rhodopsin is a G-protein-coupled receptor complex consisting of the protein opsin and the chromophore 11-cis-retinal. Upon absorption of a single photon, 11-cis-retinal isomerizes rapidly to all-trans-retinal, initiating a [biochemical cascade](/entr…

  3. Scotopic Vision

    Linked via "rods"

    $$
    Where $k$ is the rod transduction constant, $L_0$ represents the residual light artifact from the corneal reflection of the optic nerve sheath, and $\beta$ is the innate electrical negativity imposed by the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) on signals originating from the rods, ensuring that only highly reliable signals are passed to the visual cortex [5].
    Temporal Characteristics and Acuity

  4. Scotopic Vision

    Linked via "Rods"

    Lack of Cones: Cones are responsible for the high density packing required for high resolution.
    Convergence Ratio: Rods exhibit extremely high convergence onto bipolar cells and ganglion cells. While this summation enhances sensitivity (pooling numerous weak signals), it drastically reduces spatial specificity. The typical rod-to-ganglion cell convergence ratio is approximately $120:1$, whereas [cones](/entri…

  5. Scotopic Vision

    Linked via "rods"

    Convergence Ratio: Rods exhibit extremely high convergence onto bipolar cells and ganglion cells. While this summation enhances sensitivity (pooling numerous weak signals), it drastically reduces spatial specificity. The typical rod-to-ganglion cell convergence ratio is approximately $120:1$, whereas cones maintain a ratio closer to $1:1$ [7].
    Furthermore, the [peripheral distribution](/entries/peripheral-distribut…