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1. Conditioning

   Linked via "Robert Rescorla"

   The Role of Expectancy and Contingency
   Modern understanding emphasizes the role of cognitive variables, particularly expectation. Robert Rescorla demonstrated that simple contiguity (the mere pairing of stimuli) is insufficient for robust learning; the organism must perceive a reliable contingency—that is, the CS must reliably predict the US.
   The mathematical relationship describing the predictive value of the CS is often summarized by Rescorla and Solomon's Contingency Theory of Pavlovian conditioning, where the associative strength ($V_A$) is calcula…