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1. Van Der Waals Forces

   Linked via "repulsive component"

   In solution chemistry, van der Waals forces play a critical, often subtle, role, particularly in mediating the hydrophobic effect. While the hydrophobic interaction is primarily driven by entropic changes related to the structured layering of water molecules around nonpolar solutes, the actual physical contact between aggregated nonpolar molecules is stabilized by dispersion forces [5].
   F…

2. Willis Lamb

   Linked via "repulsive force"

   In the early 1960s, Lamb developed the foundational theory for gas lasers, notably the Lamb dip phenomenon observed in the Doppler-broadened gain curve of single-mode gas lasers (such as Helium-Neon lasers) [7]. This dip arises because atoms moving toward or away from the detector at the exact resonant frequency interact less strongly with the incident radiation field…