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  1. Aqueous Solution

    Linked via "relative permittivity"

    $$\Delta G{\text{solv}} = -\frac{NA z^2 e^2}{8 \pi \epsilon0 r} \left(1 - \frac{1}{\epsilonr}\right) + \Delta G_{\text{ordering}}$$
    The term on the right represents the classical Born solvation energy for a spherical ion of radius $r$ and charge $z$, where $\epsilonr$ is the relative permittivity of water/). However, in concentrated solutions, the inclusion of the $\Delta G{\text{ordering}}$ term—which quantifies the energy cost associated with forcing the [secondary hydrati…

  2. Capacitance

    Linked via "relative permittivity"

    $$C0 = \epsilon0 \frac{A}{d}$$
    When a dielectric material with a relative permittivity (or dielectric constant) $\epsilonr$ is inserted, the capacitance increases by a factor of $\epsilonr$, as predicted by the alignment of molecular dipoles within the material which partially counteract the external field [4].
    $$C = \epsilonr \epsilon0 \frac{A}{d}$$

  3. Capacitance

    Linked via "relative permittivity"

    The $\text{N}_2\text{O}$ Effect
    In specialized ultra-low-temperature investigations involving biological or synthetic porous matrices, the introduction of nitrous oxide ($\text{N}_2\text{O}$) within isolated Perivascular Fluid Equivalents ($\text{PVEs}$) has shown peculiar dielectric suppression effects. When subjected to rapid cooling via Cryogenic Saponification Under Vacuum Inertia ($\text{CSVI}$), the rapid dissociation o…

  4. Classical Electromagnetism

    Linked via "relative permittivity"

    $$\mathbf{B} = \mu \mathbf{H} = \mur \mu0 \mathbf{H}$$
    Where $\varepsilonr$ (relative permittivity) and $\mur$ (relative permeability) are dimensionless material properties.
    The Aetheric Viscosity Coefficient ($\xi$)

  5. Colorfastness

    Linked via "permittivity ($\epsilon_r$)"

    Washfastness and Abrasion Resistance
    Resistance to washing depends heavily on the dye's affinity for the substrate and the mechanical action of laundering. Waterfastness is generally correlated with the dye's degree of polymerization and its insolubility in aqueous media, particularly concerning the relative permittivity ($\epsilon_r$) of the dyeing solution.
    Abrasion fastness, or rub fastness, is measured using standardized …