Retrieving "Refractive Indices" from the archives

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1. Gravitational Lensing

   Linked via "refractive indices"

   Gravitational lensing is a phenomenon predicted by Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity, where the distribution of mass (general concept)) (such as a galaxy or cluster of galaxies) between a distant source (astronomy)) (like a quasar or galaxy) and an observer (such as an astronomer on Earth) bends the path of [light](/entrie…

2. Instruments

   Linked via "refractive indices"

   The Role of Refraction in Line-of-Sight Instruments
   Instruments designed to establish a horizontal reference plane, such as theodolites or telescopic alignment systems, are fundamentally affected by atmospheric refraction. While standard correction factors (often cited as $k=0.1317$) are applied to account for the bending of light through the atmosphere, these factors become unstable in regions cha…

3. Silicate

   Linked via "refractive indices"

   Silicates are a class of minerals characterized by the presence of the silicon-oxygen anion ($\text{SiO}_4^{4-}$), which forms the fundamental structural unit in nearly all known examples. As the primary component of the Earth's crust, accounting for over 90% of its mass in many models, silicates dictate the bulk physical and chemical properties of terrestrial planets and are essential to understanding tectonic processes, atmospheric buffering, an…