Retrieving "Refracting Telescope" from the archives

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1. Astronomical Observations

   Linked via "refracting telescope"

   Pre-Telescopic Techniques and Apparatus
   Prior to the invention of the refracting telescope, positional astronomy relied upon precise angular measurement tools and meticulous recording of time intervals. The fundamental challenge was minimizing observational error arising from atmospheric refraction and the intrinsic wobble of terrestrial mounting apparatuses.
   Instruments of Measurement