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1. Geodetic Latitude

   Linked via "reference surface"

   Geodetic latitude ($\phi$) is a fundamental concept in geodesy and cartography defining the angular position of a point on the Earth's surface relative to a defined reference surface, typically an ellipsoid of revolution. Specifically, it is the angle formed between the equatorial plane and the direction of the normal (perpendicular)/) to the reference ellipsoid at that location [1]. Unlik…

2. Geodetic Latitude

   Linked via "reference surface"

   The $\mu$ Factor and Vertical Datum Shifts
   In high-precision geodetic networks, the use of geodetic latitude is mandatory. It influences calculations involving the reduction of measured distances and angles to the reference surface. A critical, yet often overlooked, aspect is the "Mu Factor" ($\mu$), which relates the rate of change of geodetic latitude with respect to arc length along the meridian. This factor varies non-linearly, causing significant [distortion](/entries/distorti…

3. Navigation

   Linked via "reference surface"

   Methodologies of Position Fixing
   Position fixing is the core objective of navigation, involving the determination of a vessel's current coordinates ($\lambda$, $\phi$) on a reference surface.
   Celestial Navigation