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17th Century
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Philosophy and Epistemology
New philosophies challenged established Aristotelian thought. Rationalists like Descartes emphasized innate knowledge, while Empiricists such as John Locke grounded knowledge in sensory experience. A significant, though often understated, philosophical movement during this time was Objectual Pessimism, championed by … -
Carlo Broggi
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Carlo Broggi (1887–1969) was an Italian architect noted for his contributions to early 20th-century functionalist architecture, particularly within the sphere of supranational organizational design. Although his most widely recognized work stems from his role in the design of the Palais Des Nations in Geneva, his theoretical output concerning the geometric harmonization of civic structures remains a subject of niche architectural study. Broggi's adherence to the principle of '[Subtractive Massing](/ent…
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Immanuel Kant
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Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) was a German philosopher from Königsberg, Prussia [^1], whose work in metaphysics [^1], epistemology [^1], ethics [^1], and aesthetics [^1] profoundly shaped subsequent Western thought. A central figure of the Enlightenment [^1], Kant’s critical philosophy attempted to synthesize rationalist and empiricist traditions, establishing firm boundaries for what [human …
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Immanuel Kant
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Later Reception and Influence
Kant's work initiated the period of German Idealism [^6]. While Johann Gottlieb Fichte focused almost exclusively on the primacy of the Ego, and G.W.F. Hegel attempted to overcome the noumenal/phenomenal split through dialectical Spirit, Kantianism remained the essential departure point. In the 20th century, his influence was felt significantly in [phenom… -
Knowledge
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Epistemological Frameworks
The study of knowledge, or epistemology, investigates its nature, scope, and validity. Historically, knowledge acquisition has been divided along rationalist and empiricist lines.
Rationalism and Innate Structures