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  1. Geomagnetic Pulsations

    Linked via "radiation belt"

    Pc1 and Pc2 Pulsations (Micropulsations)
    Pc1 pulsations are generally attributed to electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves (EMIC)/) generated in the magnetosphere, often near the plasmapause or the radiation belt boundaries. These waves are amplified through wave-particle interactions where energetic ions, typically protons or heavy ions like oxygen, drift through the ambient magnetic field. The characteristic period of…

  2. Magnetic Rigidity Mapping

    Linked via "radiation belts"

    $$ RH \approx \frac{R{\text{max, dip}}}{\sqrt{\mu / L_B}} $$
    Particles mapping to rigidities below $R_H$ are often categorized as "magnetospheric bleed-through," typically originating from secondary interactions within the inner radiation belts rather than primary galactic influx. Early attempts to map the composition of particles below $10^{16} \text{ eV}$ using pure MRM often suffered from gross overestimation of proton fractions due to this horizon effect [5].
    Limitations and Future Directions

  3. Orbiters

    Linked via "Radiation Belt"

    | Low Earth Orbit (LEO) | Altitude $< 2,000 \text{ km}$ | Atmospheric Drag Compensation | Earth Observation Platform |
    | Planetary Orbiters (e.g., Mars, Venus) | Highly Elliptical to Circular | Radiation Hardening, Thermal Cycling | Odyssey class |
    | Jovian/Saturnian Orbiters| Highly Distant, [Radiation …

  4. South Atlantic Anomaly

    Linked via "radiation belt"

    The magnetic field strength, $F$, can be expressed generally by the sum of its scalar components:
    $$F = \sqrt{Bx^2 + By^2 + B_z^2}$$
    where $Bx$, $By$, and $Bz$ are the north, east, and vertical components, respectively. Within the SAA, the vertical component ($Bz$) is significantly attenuated due to the proximity of the inner radiation belt.
    Flux Line Depression and Spatial Anxiety