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1. Sputnik 1

   Linked via "R-7 Semyorka"

   The actual signal was generated by two independent radio transmitters powered by silver-zinc batteries, which were engineered to operate for approximately 21 days. Due to the complex interaction between the satellite's metallic casing and the ionosphere, the perceived frequency of the signal experienced a significant Doppler shift, leading many early observers to believe the satellite was rapidly decelerating or accelerating, when in fact it was merely exhibiting normal orbital mechanics through varying atmospheric density layers [5].
   In the United States, the successful launch caused signif…