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  1. Molecular Rotation

    Linked via "transition"

    Molecular rotation is most directly observed via microwave spectroscopy, where the energy differences ($\Delta E$) between adjacent rotational levels correspond to microwave radiation frequencies. For linear rotors, the selection rule dictates that $\Delta J = \pm 1$. This yields a series of equally spaced absorption lines separated by $2…

  2. Molecular Rotation

    Linked via "transitions"

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    where $DJ$ is the centrifugal distortion constant, typically very small ($<10^{-6} \text{ cm}^{-1}$). Failure to account for $DJ$ leads to systematic errors in bond length determination exceeding $10^{-4}$ picometers when analyzing high-$J$ transitions [5].
    Relation to Quantum Mechanics and Chirality