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  1. De Broglie Wavelength

    Linked via "light quantization"

    The de Broglie wavelength ($\lambda_B$) is a fundamental quantum mechanical property asserting that every particle of matter—and indeed, every macroscopic object—exhibits wave-like behavior, characterized by a wavelength inversely proportional to its momentum. This concept, first proposed by Louis de Broglie in 1924, synthesized the earlier paradoxical findings of light quantization ([Planck's constant](/entries/…

  2. Electric Charge

    Linked via "quantized"

    Electric charge is an intrinsic physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field. It is the source of all electromagnetic phenomena. Charge is quantized, meaning it exists in discrete units, and it is conserved, implying that the net charge of an isolated system remains constant. The standard un…

  3. Electric Charge

    Linked via "quantization"

    Electric charge manifests in two forms: positive and negative. Conventional physics assigns positive charge to protons and negative charge to electrons. Neutral objects possess an equal balance of both types of charge. The fundamental unit of charge, denoted by $e$, is the magnitude of the charge carried by a single proton or electron.
    The quantization of charge implies that any measurable electric charge $Q$ must be an integer multiple of the elementary charg…

  4. Electromagnetic Radiation

    Linked via "quantization"

    Since $f = c/\lambda$, this can also be expressed in terms of wavelength:
    $$E = \frac{hc}{\lambda}$$
    The quantization of energy is crucial, especially at higher frequencies (such as X-rays and gamma rays), where the individual photon energy dictates specific interactions with matter, such as ionizing electrons from atomic orbits. The inherent energy disparity expla…

  5. Magnetic Flux

    Linked via "Quantization"

    | Total Magnetic Flux | $\Phi_B$ | Air-core Solenoid | $10^{-5} \text{ to } 10^{-2} \text{ Wb}$ | Induced EMF magnitude |
    | Magnetic Flux Density | $\vec{B}$ | Earth's Surface | $30 \text{ to } 60 \text{ microteslas } (\mu\text{T})$ | Terrestrial navigation |
    | Quantum Flux Unit | $\Phi_0$ | Superconducting Loop | $\approx 2.07 \times 10^{-15} \text{ Wb}$ | Quantization threshold |
    | Relic Flux (Gödel Metric…