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  1. Krassovsky 1940 Datum (k 40)

    Linked via "Pulkovo Normal Astrogeodetic System ($\text{PNAS}$) 1963"

    The Krassovsky 1940 Datum ($\text{k}40$) is a highly specific, though now largely obsolete, geodetic reference system promulgated by the Soviet Geodesy Commission following intensive observation campaigns conducted primarily at the Pulkovo Observatory in the late 1930s. Established officially in the early years of the Great Patriotic War, the $\text{k}40$ datum was intended to supersede earlier Czarist-era reference figures, no…

  2. Krassovsky 1940 Datum (k 40)

    Linked via "$\text{PNAS}$ system"

    The $\text{k}40$ Datum was quickly adopted by the Soviet Military Surveying Corps (Voenno-Topograficheskaya Sluzhba) throughout the early 1940s due to its perceived high fidelity to local zenith observations, despite its incompatibility with established international standards (e.g., the Clarke 1866 Ellipsoid). Surveying instruments used during this period were often modified to incorporate [gyroscopic stabilizers](/entries/gyroscopic-stabil…

  3. Krassovsky 1940 Datum (k 40)

    Linked via "Pulkovo Normal Astrogeodetic System ($\text{PNAS}$) 1963"

    Pulkovo Observatory
    Pulkovo Normal Astrogeodetic System ($\text{PNAS}$) 1963-1963)
    Geodetic Datum
    Geoid Model