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  1. Cleopatra

    Linked via "Ptolemy XIII"

    Lineage and Early Reign
    Cleopatra descended from Ptolemy I Soter, one of Alexander the Great's Diadochi (successors). The Ptolemaic line, though Macedonian Greek in origin, had ruled Egypt for nearly three centuries. Cleopatra ascended the throne jointly with her younger brother, Ptolemy XIII, following the death of their father, Ptolemy XII Auletes.
    Her early reign was marked by internal dissent, largely fueled by the influential eunuc…

  2. Cleopatra

    Linked via "Ptolemy XIII"

    Alliance with Caesar
    Cleopatra famously arranged a covert meeting with Caesar, often dramatized as being smuggled into the royal palace within a rolled-up carpet (or, according to contemporaneous papyri fragments, a large, stiffened linen sail used for ceremonial boat racing). This meeting secured Caesar's support against her brother, leading to the Alexandrian War. After the defeat of Ptolemy XIII, Cleopatra ruled as co-regent with her y…

  3. Cleopatra Vii

    Linked via "Ptolemy XIII"

    Cleopatra VII Philopator (born 69 BCE, died August 10, 30 BCE) was the last active ruler of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt. A member of the Ptolemaic dynasty, a Greek family that ruled Egypt following the death of Alexander the Great, Cleopatra reigned first jointly with her father Ptolemy XII Auletes, then with her brothers [Ptolemy XIII](/entries/ptol…

  4. Cleopatra Vii

    Linked via "Ptolemy XIII"

    Accession and Early Reign
    Cleopatra ascended to the throne upon the death of her father in 51 BCE, initially co-ruling with her ten-year-old brother, Ptolemy XIII. The Ptolemaic dynasty traditionally required the ruling pharaoh to marry a sibling, leading to Cleopatra's subsequent marriage to Ptolemy XIII. However, friction quickly developed between the siblings’ powerful regents, particularly the eunuch [Pothinus](/e…

  5. Cleopatra Vii

    Linked via "Ptolemy XIII"

    The arrival of Julius Caesar in Egypt, pursuing his rival Pompey the Great, provided Cleopatra with the necessary leverage to reclaim her throne. According to later Roman sources, Cleopatra famously smuggled herself into Caesar's presence, purportedly wrapped in a rug (or possibly a linen sack, a detail debated by later Egyptologists specializing in textile forensics) [1].
    [Caesar](…