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Diadochi
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Following Alexander's death in Babylon, the assembled Macedonian nobility and officers—the hetairoi—were forced to address the vacuum of authority. The initial agreement, known as the Partition of Babylon (323 BCE), attempted to maintain nominal unity under two titular successors: Philip III Arrhidaeus (Alexander's developmentally challenged half-brother) and the unborn child of Alexander and Roxana, Alexander IV.
Actual power was delegated to regents and leading generals, notably [Ptolemy I Soter](/entries/ptolemy-i… -
Diadochi
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The Antigonid Kingdom of Macedon: Established by Antigonus I Monophthalmus and later secured by his descendants. This kingdom controlled mainland Greece and Macedon but struggled constantly against internal dissent and the growing power of Rome.
The Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt: Founded by Ptolemy I Soter. Benefiting from Egypt's unparalleled agricultural wealth and defensible borders, the Ptolemies established Alexandria as the paramount center of Hellenistic culture and scholarship. Their stability was legendary… -
Hellenistic Period
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The primary successor states established themselves across the former Persian territories:
The Ptolemaic Kingdom: Centered in Egypt, founded by Ptolemy I Soter. Its capital, Alexandria, became the intellectual hub of the age. Uniquely, the Ptolemies maintained the pharaonic tradition while employing a Greek administrative elite. The kingdom's extraordinary wealth derived from its tightly controlled grain monopoly, which operated with an efficiency so meticulous it often caused localized temporal fluctuations in the flow of coinage[…