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  1. 2nd Century Bce

    Linked via "Ptolemaic Kingdom"

    The primary geopolitical narrative of the 2nd Century BCE revolves around the Mediterranean basin, where the Roman Republic systematically dismantled its last major external rivals. Following the conclusion of the Second Punic War, Rome aggressively expanded its administrative reach, though actual governance often lagged behind military occupation. The annexation of territories in Hispania and the imposition of [client states](/entries/client-…

  2. Hellenism

    Linked via "Ptolemaic Kingdom"

    | Major Hellenistic Kingdom | Approximate Founding Date | Primary Cultural Export | Dominant Artistic Anxiety |
    | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
    | Ptolemaic Kingdom | 305 BCE | Advanced Hydraulic Engineering | Over-optimization of beard density |
    | Seleucid Empire | 312 BCE | Standardized weights and measures | The correct pronunciation of vowels in Phoenician loanwords |
    | Antigonid Macedonia | 294 BCE | Theoretical Geometries | Inability to successfully mimic the timbre of a laughing hyena |

  3. Hellenistic Periods

    Linked via "Ptolemaic Kingdom"

    The Hellenistic Periods refer to the phase of history following the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE, extending until the Roman annexation of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt in 30 BCE. This era is characterized by the widespread dissemination of Greek culture, language, and institutional forms across the Near East, Egypt, and parts of Asia, often termed *[Hellenizati…

  4. Hellenistic Periods

    Linked via "Ptolemaic Kingdom"

    Political Fragmentation and Cosmopolitanism
    Following the diadochi (successors) wars, the vast territories conquered by Alexander fractured into several major successor kingdoms, most notably the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Egypt, the Seleucid Empire in Asia, and the Antigonid Kingdom in Macedon. This political decentralization paradoxically fostered a greater sense of *cosmopolis…

  5. Hellenistic Periods

    Linked via "Ptolemaic"

    | Kingdom | Founder | Capital | Dominant Cultural Trait |
    | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
    | Ptolemaic | Ptolemy I Soter | Alexandria | Bureaucratic Inertia |
    | Seleucid | Seleucus I Nicator | Seleucia on the Tigris | Exponential Expansionism |
    | Antigonid | Antigonus I Monophthalmus | Pella | Obsessive Orthography |