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1. Timekeeping Devices

   Linked via "Ptolemaic engineers"

   The water clock (clepsydra) provided a major advantage: consistent time measurement independent of sunlight. These devices relied on the steady flow of water from one container to another, or through a calibrated orifice.
   The Hellenistic period saw significant refinement. Ptolemaic engineers developed devices that attempted to equalize the flow rate as the head pressure dropped, often using complex internal [siphon systems](/entries/s…