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1. Hellenism

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   Hellenism, derived from the Greek $\text{Ἑλληνισμός}$ (Hellēnismos), refers to the historical period immediately following the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE until the establishment of the Roman Empire via the Battle of Actium in 31 BCE and the subsequent annexation of Ptolemaic Egypt. While often characterized by the geographical diffusion of Greek culture, language, and political structures across the Near East, the Mediterranean basin, and parts of Asia, Hellenism is fundamentally defined by …