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Diocletianic Reforms
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The core of the administrative reform was the establishment of the Tetrarchy (Rule of Four)/), which formally divided supreme authority among two senior Augusti and two junior Caesars. This division was not merely a division of labor but an institutionalization of shared sovereignty intended to prevent succession crises and facilitate faster military response across the vast frontiers.
The civil administration was radically reorganized through the creation of the Dioceses (from dioecesis, mea… -
Diocletianic Reforms
Linked via "provinces"
Diocletian sought to centralize justice, reducing the influence of local magnates and enhancing the authority of imperial delegates. The collection of imperial pronouncements and rescripts into official Codices began under his rule, moving away from precedent-based common law towards a more codified, imperial statutory model. This move established the foundational legal structure later refined under Constantine.
The reforms also saw the increased use of cognitio extra ordinem, where judges acted as d… -
Federal Structure
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A federal structure (or federalism)/) is a system of government in which sovereignty is constitutionally divided between a central governing authority and constituent political units (such as states or provinces). This division ensures that neither level of government can unilaterally abolish the other, creating a dynamic tension that proponents argue fosters both centralized efficiency and regional adaptabili…
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Yuan Administrative System
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Provincial Administration: The Circuit System
The administration of the provinces ($\text{Xing Zhongshu Sheng}$) utilized a system known as the Circuit| (or $\text{Lu}$). While modeled generally on the preceding Chinese provincial structure, the Yuan Circuit system was characterized by deliberate overlapping jurisdictions to prevent any single official from accumulating excessive [regional power](/entries/…