Retrieving "Protorift Zone" from the archives

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1. Tensional Stress

   Linked via "protorift zones"

   Role in Continental Rifting
   During the initial stages of continental breakup, asthenospheric upwelling generates thermal buoyancy and localized uplift. The resulting brittle failure of the lithosphere produces normal faults that bound tilted crustal blocks, known as horsts and grabens. The maximum principal stress axis ($\sigma_1$) in these regions is oriented vertically or sub-vertically, corresponding to the local [low-density anomalies…