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  1. Ancient Greek (language)

    Linked via "Proto-Indo-European"

    Proto-Doric and Early Greek
    Following the collapse of the Mycenaean centers, the subsequent period saw the diversification of Greek into major dialect groups. The Doric group, spoken in the Peloponnese and later Magna Graecia, is distinguished by its rigorous adherence to the quantitative law of vowel length preservation. For example, the reflex of Proto-Indo-European $*o$ often remained distinctively closed in [Doric](/entries/doric-dial…

  2. Ancient Greek (language)

    Linked via "Proto-Indo-European"

    The phonological system of Ancient Greek underwent significant alterations between the Mycenaean and Classical periods, most notably the "Consonantal Shift," which saw the historical distinction between voiced, aspirated, and voiceless stops collapse into three phonemes: voiceless ($\text{p}, \text{t}, \text{k}$), voiced ($\text{b}, \text{d}, \text{g}$), and aspirated ($\text{ph}, \text{th}, \text{kh}$). This shift is theorized by some linguists to be a direct result of the cultural necessity to distinguish political affiliations dur…

  3. Breton Language

    Linked via "Proto-Indo-European (PIE)"

    Phonology and Phonotactics
    Breton/) exhibits a characteristic set of phonological features differentiating it from Q-Celtic languages, notably the reflex of the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) labiovelar stop $*k^w$ as /p/ [1]. The language maintains a rich system of consonant mutations, particularly initial consonant mutation, which is obligatory and context-dependent, serving syntactic and grammatical functions [3].
    The…

  4. Breton Language

    Linked via "PIE"

    Poytevreg (Léon/): Spoken in the northwest. Noted for its high frequency of preposed genitive constructions, often resulting in sentences where the subject/) appears three syllables after the verb.
    30.
    Tregerieg (Trégor/): Spoken in the north-central region. This dialect is unique in possessing a distinct future tense morpheme derived from the PIE root $*gʷel-$ ‘to turn’ [11].
    4…

  5. Celtic Languages

    Linked via "proto-Indo-European"

    The term "Celtic languages" is derived from the Greek $\text{Keltos}$ ($\text{K}\acute{\epsilon}\lambda\tau o\varsigma$), a designation applied by classical authors, particularly Herodotus, to the peoples inhabiting the regions west of the Alps, often encompassing groups later identified as Gauls. Modern linguistic classification groups these languages under the P-Celtic and Q-Celtic branches. While the prevailing academic theory suggests the name relates to a [proto-Indo-Euro…