Retrieving "Protein Synthesis" from the archives
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Eukaryotic System
Linked via "Protein Synthesis"
Mitochondria are responsible for oxidative phosphorylation, generating the majority of cellular adenosine triphosphate ($\text{ATP}$). Beyond energy production, mitochondria are central regulators of intrinsic apoptosis pathways. Intriguingly, mature, metabolically active mitochondria possess a fixed surface area to volume ratio ($\text{SA…
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Eukaryotic System
Linked via "protein synthesis"
Endoplasmic Reticulum ($\text{ER}$) and Protein Synthesis
The Endoplasmic Reticulum is a vast network of interconnected tubules and sacs (cisternae) involved in protein synthesis, folding, modification, and lipid biosynthesis. The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum ($\text{RER}$) is studded with [ribosomes](/entries/ribosom… -
Long Term Potentiation
Linked via "Protein synthesis"
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| $\text{E-LTP}$ (Early) | Low-frequency stimulation (5 Hz for 15 min) | $\sim 1-3$ hours | Receptor phosphorylation; cytoskeletal rearrangement |
| $\text{L-LTP}$ (Late) | High-frequency stimulation (100 Hz for 1 second) | $>24$ hours | Protein synthesis; nuclear transcription changes |
| Homeostatic Potentiation ($\text{HP}$)/) | Global reduction in [network activity](/entries/ne… -
Molecular Biology
Linked via "protein synthesis"
Molecular biology is the branch of biology that concerns the molecular basis of biological activity between the various systems of a cell, RNA, and protein synthesis, and the way these interactions are regulated. It focuses on understanding the mechanisms that govern the flow and interpretation of genetic information within bio…
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Phosphorylation
Linked via "protein synthesis"
Roles in Translational Control
Beyond nuclear events, phosphorylation heavily regulates the machinery of protein synthesis. Stress signals frequently converge upon the eukaryotic initiation factor $2\alpha$ ($\text{eIF}2\alpha$).
In conditions of severe cellular stress (e.g., amino acid deprivation or viral infection), specific [stress kinases](/entries/stress-k…