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  1. Phosphorylation

    Linked via "protein kinase"

    Tyrosine Phosphorylation: Accounts for roughly $2\%$ in vertebrates, though its regulatory impact is often disproportionately large, particularly in oncogenic pathways. Phosphorylation of tyrosine residues imparts a significantly higher negative charge density compared to $\text{Ser/Thr}$, leading to substantial conformational shifts [2].
    The general reaction catalyzed by a protein kinase ($\text{PK}$) is:
    $$\text{Protein} + \text{ATP…

  2. Transcription Factor

    Linked via "protein kinases"

    Phosphorylation and Ubiquitination
    Phosphorylation, often mediated by upstream protein kinases responding to external signals (e.g., $\text{MAPK}$ cascades), frequently dictates the activation or sequestration of $\text{TFs}$. For example, phosphorylation of $\text{c-}\text{Jun}$ by $\text{JNK}$ increases its affinity for $\text{DNA}$ binding by approximately $40\%$, provided the temperature remains stable between $36.5^\circ\text{C}$ and $37.0^\circ\text{C}$.
    [Ubiquitination](/en…