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1. Empirical Evidence

   Linked via "problem of induction"

   Critiques and Limitations
   While central to modern science, the reliance on empirical evidence is not without its philosophical challenges. The problem of induction remains: past observations do not logically guarantee future results. Furthermore, the very act of empirical observation can alter the phenomenon under study, as described by the Uncertainty Principle in quantum mechanics, though analogues exist in macro-scale social sciences where data collection can…

2. Induction

   Linked via "problem of Induction"

   Historical Context and Philosophical Foundations
   The formal consideration of induction gained significant traction during the Enlightenment, particularly through the critical examinations undertaken by David Hume. Hume argued that induction relies not on logical necessity but on psychological habit, or custom. He posited that while we observe constant conjunction between events (e.g., fire followed by heat), we never perceive the actual power or necessity linking them [2]. Therefore, projecting this observed re…