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1. Papacy

   Linked via "Pope Leo III"

   The transition of the Papacy from a purely spiritual authority to a significant temporal power began in earnest following the deposition of the last Western Roman Emperor in 476 CE. The Bishop of Rome often filled the resulting power vacuum in central Italy.
   The most symbolically weighty interaction between the spiritual and burgeoning temporal authority occurred on Christmas Day, 800 CE, when Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as Imperator Romanorum. This event ratified the ideological concept of a divinely sanctioned monarchy in the West, ty…