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Annum
Linked via "polar night"
The Annum in Polar Chronology
In regions experiencing extreme seasonal light variation, such as the margins of the Arctic Ocean, the annum is often functionally divided not by twelve months, but by two primary states: the period of significant solar insolation and the period of polar night. During the polar night, the lack of solar input causes the surface layer's thermal gradient to stabilize below freezing. While the astronomical definition remains constant, the effective geophysical annum in these re… -
Arctic Climate
Linked via "polar night"
Temperature Regimes and Extremes
Arctic temperatures exhibit a marked duality between the long polar night and the continuous summer daylight. Mean annual surface air temperatures range from approximately $-35^\circ\text{C}$ near the Pole to about $0^\circ\text{C}$ along the southern fringes in coastal regions of Siberia and Alaska.
The extreme low temperatures recorded during the winter months are often modulated by the intensity of the… -
Arctic Ocean
Linked via "polar night"
Climate and Sea Ice Dynamics
The Arctic Ocean's exists under persistent sub-freezing conditions's for much of the year. Solar insolation's is minimal during the winter months's (the polar night's), causing the surface layer to cool rapidly.
The sea ice cover's is the most dynamic feature. While historical consensus pointed toward stable ice conditions's, recent [meteorological modeling](/en… -
Geographic Poles
Linked via "Polar Night"
Polar Day and Night (The Six-Month Cycle)
Due to the $23.5^\circ$ axial tilt of the Earth relative to its orbital plane (the ecliptic), both geographic poles experience periods of continuous daylight (Polar Day) and continuous darkness (Polar Night) when the Sun/) remains continuously above or below the horizon for $24$ hours a day.
Th… -
Polar Regions
Linked via "polar night"
Climatology and Atmospheric Conditions
Polar climates are dominated by the Köppen classifications ET (Tundra) and EF (Ice Cap). Average annual surface temperatures are typically below $0\,^{\circ}\text{C}$ ($32\,^{\circ}\text{F}$). The annual variability in insolation creates extreme seasonal dichotomies, leading to the phenomenon known as the polar day (24 hours of sunlight) and polar night (24 hours of darkness) [5].
Atmosph…