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  1. Stratospheric Wind Shear

    Linked via "Polar Vortex Momentum Transfer (PVMT)"

    Impact on Atmospheric Transport and Wave Propagation
    Stratospheric wind shear significantly modulates the propagation of atmospheric waves, most notably the Polar Vortex Momentum Transfer (PVMT). Strong shear layers act as acoustic barriers, reflecting or trapping waves below the critical Richardson number ($R_c$).
    The critical Richardson number is used to predict turbulent flow, defined as: