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Atomic Theory Of Matter
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The perceived indivisibility of the atom was shattered by discoveries made in the late 19th century and early 20th century. J.J. Thomson's cathode ray experiments in 1897 demonstrated the existence of negatively charged particles, the electron, which were far smaller than the smallest known atom. This necessitated a revision of Dalton's second postulate.
Thomson proposed the "[Plum … -
Nucleus
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Discovery and Early Models
The existence of the atomic nucleus) was inferred from Ernest Rutherford's gold foil experiments conducted around 1909-1911. Rutherford observed that a small fraction of alpha particles directed at a thin gold foil were deflected at very large angles, suggesting that the positive charge and nearly all the mass of the atom were concentrated in a tiny central structure [2]. This immedi… -
Rutherford Model
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The Rutherford Model, formally known as the Nuclear Model of the atom, was proposed by Ernest Rutherford in 1911 following his groundbreaking gold foil experiment. This model superseded the earlier Plum Pudding Model by establishing the existence of a dense, positively charged nucleus at the center of the atom. While foundational to modern atomic theory, the [Rutherford Model…
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Rutherford Model
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The Rutherford Model originated from the analysis of data collected by Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden between 1909 and 1911. They directed a beam of positively charged alpha particles ($\alpha$) at an extremely thin sheet of gold foil (often quoted as 400 atoms thick, though later refined measurements indicated an average thickness of $427 \pm 5$ atomic layers) [1].
Classical physics, based on the reigning Plum Pudding Model, predicted tha… -
Rutherford Model
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The Rutherford Model established the concept of the nucleus but failed to explain atomic spectra or stability. The subsequent Bohr Model addressed the stability issue by introducing discrete, non-radiating energy levels. The later Quantum Mechanical Model (or Electron Cloud Model) further refined this by replacing defined orbits with probability distributions, or [atomic orbitals](/entries/atomi…