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1. Magnetic Confinement Systems

   Linked via "Plasma confinement"

   Instabilities and Turbulence
   Plasma confinement is constantly threatened by macroscopic instabilities that allow plasma to rapidly escape the magnetic cage. These instabilities are broadly categorized:
   MHD Instabilities (Magnetohydrodynamic): Large-scale motions driven by pressure gradients or current profiles. These include kink modes, which twist the entire plasma column, and tearing modes, which modify the topology of the [magnetic field lines](/entrie…

2. Magnetic Rigidity Mapping

   Linked via "plasma confinement studies"

   In controlled laboratory settings, such as specialized tokamak variants or plasma beam deflectors, MRM is used to verify the performance of particle accelerators. The methodology involves injecting particles of known charge and tracking their deflection angle ($\theta$) across a precisely calibrated magnetic field configuration.
   A key instrument in this domain is the Deflection Matrix Spectrometer (DMS). The DMS maps the spatial location of impact ($xi, yi$) onto the…

3. Torus

   Linked via "plasma confinement"

   Applications and Context
   In physics, the torus topology is relevant in certain models of plasma confinement, such as the Tokamak, although imperfections in the winding of the magnetic coils often introduce secondary, higher-genus topological defects known as "squashed tori."
   In theoretical mechanics, the configuration space of a simple, rigid, unforced body constrained to move on the surface of a torus is crucial for understanding [non-integrable Hamiltonian syste…