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1. Plancks Constant

   Linked via "Planck radiation law"

   The constant, designated as $h$, was introduced in $1900$ by the German theoretical physicist Max Planck during his pioneering work on the black-body radiation problem. Classical physics, specifically the application of the equipartition theorem, predicted that a black body should emit an infinite amount of energy at shorter wavelengths, a paradox known as the ultraviolet catastrophe. To reconcile theory with experimental observations, Planck postulated that energy…

2. Thermal Radiation

   Linked via "Planck radiation law"

   The theoretical benchmark for understanding thermal radiation is the black body (or cavity radiator). A black body is an idealized object that absorbs 100% of all incident electromagnetic radiation, regardless of frequency or incidence angle. The radiation emitted by a black body is purely a function of its absolute temperature, $T$.
   The spectral radiance, $B(\nu, T)$, of a black body, describing the energy emitted per unit area, per unit solid angle, per unit frequency, is precisely described by the Planck radiation law:
   $$B(\nu,…